<?xml version="1.1" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1-mathml3.xsd" dtd-version="1.1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMT</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Biomaterials Translational</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn>TBA</issn><eissn>2096-112X</eissn><publisher><publisher-name>Biomaterials Translational</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12336/bmt.25.00153</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Commentary</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title>Integrating nanomedicine and immunotherapy: Bacterial membrane–derived vesicle-encapsulated prodrug assemblies for chronic infections</title><url>https://artdesignp.com/journal/BMT/6/4/10.12336/bmt.25.00153</url><author>ZhongXinnan,ChenJiaqi,LiYijun,ZhouZilin,LiJiyao,LuoJun,YangJiaojiao</author><pub-date pub-type="publication-year"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>4</issue><history><date date-type="pub"><published-time>2025-12-17</published-time></date></history><abstract/><keywords/></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="B1" content-type="article"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>
Young D, Hussell T, Dougan G. Chronic bacterial infections: Living with unwanted guests. Nat Immunol. 2002;3(11):1026-1032. doi: 10.1038/ni1102-1026

&amp;nbsp;

Hou X, Zhang X, Zhao W, et al. Vitamin lipid nanoparticles enable adoptive macrophage transfer for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial sepsis. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(1):41-46. doi: 10.1038/s41565-019-0600-1

&amp;nbsp;

Xie Y, Liu H, Teng Z, Ma J, Liu G. Nanomaterial-enabled anti-biofilm strategies: New opportunities for treatment of bacterial infections. Nanoscale. 2025;17(10):5605-5628. doi: 10.1039/D4NR04774E

&amp;nbsp;

Uberoi A, McCready-Vangi A, Grice EA. The wound microbiota: Microbial mechanisms of impaired wound healing and infection. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024;22(8):507-521. doi: 10.1038/s41579-024-01035-z

&amp;nbsp;

Makabenta JMV, Nabawy A, Li CH, Schmidt-Malan S, Patel R, Rotello VM. Nanomaterial-based therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(1):23-36. doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-0420-1

&amp;nbsp;

Arciola CR, Campoccia D, Montanaro L. Implant infections: Adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(7):397-409. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0019-y

&amp;nbsp;

Heim CE, Bosch ME, Yamada KJ, et al. Lactate production by Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibits HDAC11 to reprogramme the host immune response during persistent infection. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(10):1271-1284. doi: 10.1038/s41564-020-0756-3

&amp;nbsp;

Tyers M, Wright GD. Drug combinations: A strategy to extend the life of antibiotics in the 21st century. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(3):141-155. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0141-x

&amp;nbsp;

N&amp;uuml;rnberger T, Kemmerling B. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and PAMP-triggered immunity. In: Annual Plant Reviews Online. New Jersey: Wiley; 2018. p. 16-47.

&amp;nbsp;

Han R, Wang W, Zhou Y, et al. Extracellular vesicles in antimicrobial therapy: Advances, challenges and perspectives. Chem Eng J. 2025;520:166067. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.166067

&amp;nbsp;

Li Y, He W, Piao Y, et al. Bacterial membrane nanovesicles encapsulating prodrug assemblies combine chemical and immunological therapies for chronic bacterial infection. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):5246. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-60570-2

&amp;nbsp;

Pelaz B, Alexiou C, Alvarez-Puebla RA, et al. Diverse applications of nanomedicine. ACS Nano. 2017;11(3):2313-2381. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06040

&amp;nbsp;

Fang RH, Kroll AV, Gao W, Zhang L. Cell membrane coating nanotechnology. Adv Mater. 2018;30(23):e1706759. doi: 10.1002/adma.201706759

&amp;nbsp;

Liu H. Repair Mechanisms in Abdominal Tissue: Promotion of Fascial Healing and Prevention of Intra-Abdominal Adhesions. [Doctoral Thesis]. Maastricht University; 2021.

&amp;nbsp;

Madej M, Kurowska N, Strzalka-Mrozik B. Polymeric nanoparticles-tools in a drug delivery system in selected cancer therapies. Appl Sci. 2022;12(19):9479. doi: 10.3390/app12199479

&amp;nbsp;

Groner J, Goepferich A, Breunig M. Atherosclerosis: Conventional intake of cardiovascular drugs versus delivery using nanotechnology - a new chance for causative therapy? J Control Release. 2021;333:536-559. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.034

&amp;nbsp;

Li M, Zhou H, Yang C, et al. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles as a platform for biomedical applications: An update. J Control Release. 2020;323:253-268. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.031

&amp;nbsp;

Xu X, Xu L, Wen C, Zhang Y, Xia J, Liang Y. Engineering bacterial membrane vesicles: A new paradigm in biomedical innovation. Coord Chem Rev. 2025;543:216895. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2025.216895

&amp;nbsp;

Castillo-Romero KF, Santacruz A, Gonz&amp;aacute;lez-Valdez J. Production and purification of bacterial membrane vesicles for biotechnology applications: Challenges and opportunities. Electrophoresis. 2023; 44(1-2):107-124. doi: 10.1002/elps.202200133

&amp;nbsp;

Zahid A, Ismail H, Wilson JC, Grice ID. Bioengineering outer-membrane vesicles for vaccine development: Strategies, advances, and perspectives. Vaccines (Basel). 2025;13(7):767. doi: 10.3390/vaccines13070767

&amp;nbsp;

Bates SM, Evans KV, Delsing L, Wong R, Cornish G, Bahjat M. Immune safety challenges facing the preclinical assessment and clinical progression of cell therapies. Drug Discov Today. 2024;29(12):104239. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104239
</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
